Methods of treating autoimmune and/or glomerulonephritis-associated diseases using SHP2 inhibitors

ABSTRACT

Methods are disclosed herein for administering a oncogenic Src homology-2 domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP2) inhibitor for treating autoimmune and/or glomerulonephritis-associated diseases, and in particular, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE).

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 14/902,485, filed on Dec. 31, 2015, which claims priority toInternational Publication Number WO 2015/003094, filed on Jul. 2, 2014,which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.61/842,813, filed on Jul. 3, 2013, the disclosures of which areincorporated by reference in their entireties.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with government support under HL102368,HL114775, and CA152194 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. TheGovernment has certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

The field of the disclosure relates generally to a potent and specificoncogenic Src homology-2 domain containing protein tyrosinephosphatase-2 (SHP2) inhibitor and to methods of administering theinhibitor for treating autoimmune diseases, and in particular, totreating glomerulonephritis-associated diseases such as systemic lupuserythematosus (SLE).

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a multi-systemic autoimmune diseasewith a prevalence in about 40-200/100,000 persons, is thought to becaused by multiple pathogenic responses, including genetic,environmental, hormonal, epigenetic, and immunoregulatory factors, thateither sequentially or simultaneously affect the immune system. Actionof these pathogenic factors results in generation of autoantibodies,immune complexes, autoreactive or inflammatory T cells, and inflammatorycytokines that, together, lead to amplification of inflammatorysignaling pathways and damage to vital organs (e.g., skin, kidneys,spleen, heart, thymus, lymph nodes, joints, and nervous system).

Cytokines such as IL-6, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 are overproduced in lupuspatients. Aberrant regulation of cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-10, IL-17,type I interferon (IFN) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), are closelylinked to pathogenesis of SLE, playing key roles in the regulation ofsystemic inflammation, local tissue damage, and immunomodulation.However, the specific signaling mechanisms that cause SLE remain elusiveand current therapeutic strategies primarily target the symptoms and notthe disease itself.

Accordingly, there is a continuing need for new therapeutic compoundsand methods of treating glomerulonephritis-associated diseases such asSLE.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure is generally directed to methods of administeringpotent and specific oncogenic Src homology-2 domain containing proteintyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP2) (also known as protein tyrosinephosphatase, non-receptor type 11 (PTPN11)) inhibitors. Moreparticularly, the disclosure is directed to administering the SHP2inhibitors to treat glomerulonephritis-associated diseases, and inparticular, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE).

Accordingly, in one embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to amethod for inhibiting specific oncogenic Src homology-2 domaincontaining protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP2) phosphatase activity ina subject in need thereof. The method comprises administering to thesubject a specific oncogenic Src homology-2 domain containing proteintyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP2) inhibitor having the formula (I):

wherein R₁═NRaRb, wherein Ra or Rb can each independently be selectedfrom the group consisting of hydrogen, unsubstituted or substitutedalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted orsubstituted heterocyclyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl,unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, and unsubstituted orsubstituted fused 5-12 member aromatic or aliphatic ring system, whereinthe substitution on the fused 5-12 member aromatic or aliphatic ringsystem is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen andsulfur.

In another embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to a methodfor treating glomerulonephritis-associated diseases in a subject in needthereof. The method comprises administering to the subject a specificoncogenic Src homology-2 domain containing protein tyrosinephosphatase-2 (SHP2) inhibitor.

In yet another embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to amethod for treating systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a subject inneed thereof. The method comprises administering to the subject aspecific oncogenic Src homology-2 domain containing protein tyrosinephosphatase-2 (SHP2) inhibitor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts the general role of SHP2 in cytokine signaling.

FIG. 2 depicts the increase in SHP2 phosphatase activity in SLE-pronemouse tissue lysates, as compared to control lysates, as analyzed inExample 1.

FIG. 3 depicts the increase in SHP2 phosphatase activity in peripheralblood mononuclear cells isolated from either normal or SLE diseaseactive human subjects, as analyzed in Example 2.

FIG. 4A depicts the effect of SHP2 differential binding to a specificphospho-tyrosyl complex, whereby increased SHP2 activity and associationwith focal adhesion kinase (FAK) leads to its dephosphorylation and alsoto increased p85 phosphorylation (see also FIG. 8) in SLE-prone mice, asanalyzed in Example 3.

FIG. 4B depicts the effect of preferential SHP2 binding to focaladhesion kinase (FAK) in SLE-prone mice, as analyzed in Example 3. Arrowat 85 kDa indicates hyperphosphorylated p85.

FIG. 5A depicts the protein domain structure of focal adhesion kinase(FAK).

FIG. 5B is a schematic illustrating activation of FAK uponphosphorylation and interaction with src leading to downstream ERKsignaling.

FIG. 6 depicts the decrease in focal adhesion kinase (FAK)phosphorylation in SLE-prone tissue lysates, as compared to controllysates, as analyzed in Example 4.

FIG. 7 depicts the decrease in extracellular signal-regulated kinases(ERK) signaling in SLE-prone tissue lysates, as compared to controllysates, as analyzed in Example 5.

FIG. 8A depicts the effect of FAK differentially binding to a specificphospho-tyrosyl complex, which includes p85 and SHP2, whereby there isdecreased FAK phosphorylation, but an increased association withphosphorylated SHP2 and p85 proteins in SLE-prone mice, as analyzed inExample 6.

FIG. 8B depicts the preferential binding of FAK to the p85 subunit ofPI3K in SLE-prone mice, as analyzed in Example 6.

FIG. 8C depict the quantified decrease in FAK phosphorylation inSLE-prone mice, as analyzed in Example 6.

FIG. 9 depicts the increase in AKT activation, as well as its downstreameffectors, p70S6K and ribosomal S6 kinase activities, in SLE-pronetissue lysates, as compared to control, as analyzed in Example 7.

FIGS. 10A & 10B depict the ability of the SHP2 inhibitor to normalizeSHP2 activity at the 7.5 mg/kg/day dose in SLE-prone tissue lysates, andthe effects of SHP2 inhibition on reversing p-ERK, p-AKT, andp-ribosomal protein S6 kinase signaling defects, as analyzed in Example8.

FIG. 11A depicts the effect of SHP2 inhibition on protecting subjectsagainst skin lesions, as analyzed in Example 9.

FIGS. 11B & 11C depict 1) no/minimal cytotoxic effects of SHP2inhibition on mice as assessed by no change in body weight duringtreatment period and 2) an increased longevity/survival effect on SLEmice with treatment of SHP2 inhibitor, as assessed by Kaplan-Meiersurvival curve, as analyzed in Example 9.

FIGS. 12A & 12B depict the effect of SHP2 inhibition on reducing spleensize and weight in SLE-prone mice, as analyzed in Example 9.

FIGS. 13A & 13B depict the effect of SHP2 inhibition on reducing kidneysize and weight in SLE-prone mice, as analyzed in Example 9.

FIG. 13C depicts the effect of SHP2 inhibition on proteinuria, asanalyzed in Example 9.

FIGS. 14A-14F depict by histology (as assessed by H&E staining) theeffect of SHP2 inhibition on kidney disease and its ability to reducethe crescentic glomerulonephritis in SLE-prone mice, as analyzed inExample 9.

FIG. 14G depicts the unbiased histopathological scoring of SHP2inhibition in SLE-prone mice, as analyzed in Example 9.

FIGS. 15A-15F depict the effect of SHP2 inhibition on fibrosis (asassessed by Masson's trichrome staining) in SLE-prone mice, as analyzedin Example 9.

FIGS. 16A-16F depict the effect of SHP2 inhibition on immune cellinfiltration and severity of glomerulonephritis/kidney disease (asassessed by Periodic acid-Schiff staining) in SLE-prone mice, asanalyzed in Example 9.

FIGS. 17A-17D depict the effect of SHP2 inhibition on infiltration ofcells to the kidney in SLE-prone mice as depicted by decreased numbersof CD45+ and CD3+ cells in SLE treated mice, and show that the effectsof the inhibitor decreases the number of CD4+, CD8+, and double-negativeT cells, as well as the numbers of neutrophils and macrophages thatinfiltrate into the kidney in SLE, as analyzed in Example 10.

FIGS. 18A-18D depict the effect of SHP2 inhibition on the size ofgerminal center in the spleen of SLE-prone mice, as analyzed in Example11.

FIGS. 19A-19C depict the effect of SHP2 inhibition on total immune cellnumbers in the spleen of SLE-prone mice and show that the effects of theinhibitor decreases the number T cells specifically; in addition,effects of the inhibitor on of reducing the numbers of cytotoxic CD4+,CD8+, and double-negative T cells, but not the number of regulatory Tcells (CD4+CD25+), is also shown, as analyzed in Example 11.

FIG. 20A depicts that SHP2 inhibition decreases proliferation ofcultured T cells isolated from the spleen of SLE-prone mice, as shownthrough a reduction in total T cell number, both in the absence orpresence of T-cell activation (CD3 antibody), as analyzed in Example 11.

FIG. 20B depicts that SHP2 inhibitor decreases proliferation oftissue-cultured double-negative T cells isolated from spleen ofSLE-prone mice, as shown through a reduction in total double-negative Tcell number, both in the absence or presence of CD3 activation (CD3 ab),as analyzed in Example 11.

FIG. 21A depicts that SHP2 inhibition has no effect on total T cellviability in cultured T cells isolated from the spleen of SLE-pronemice, both in the absence or presence of T-cell activation (CD3antibody), as analyzed in Example 11.

FIG. 21B depicts that SHP2 inhibitor does not affect viability oftissue-cultured double-negative T cells, both in the absence or presenceof CD3 activation (CD3 ab), as analyzed in Example 11.

FIGS. 22A-22D depict the effect of SHP2 inhibition on levels ofcirculating cytokines in serum isolated from in SLE-prone mice, asanalyzed in Example 12.

FIG. 23 depicts the effect of SHP2 inhibition on thymus size inSLE-prone mice, as analyzed in Example 13.

FIG. 24A depicts the effect of SHP2 inhibition on cardiac function asassessed by echocardiography, as analyzed in Example 14.

FIG. 24B depicts the quantified effects of SHP2 inhibition on cardiacfunction of control vs. SLE-prone hearts, as assessed by leftventricular chamber dimension, posterior wall thickness, and fractionalshortening, as analyzed in Example 14.

FIGS. 25A-25C depict the effect of SHP2 inhibition on circulating cellnumbers in serum isolated from control or SLE-prone mice, as analyzed inExample 15.

FIGS. 26A-26E depict the effect of SHP2 inhibition on circulating levelsof the subsets of white blood cells in serum isolated from control orSLE-prone mice, as analyzed in Example 15.

FIG. 27 depicts the effect of SHP2 inhibition on T cell numbers incirculating leukocytes isolated from control or SLE-prone mice, asanalyzed in Example 15.

FIG. 28 depicts the effect of SHP2 inhibition on IFNγ levels in serumfrom normal and SLE-disease active human patients, as analyzed inExample 15.

FIG. 29 depicts the effect of SHP2 inhibition on IFNγ activity inresponse to T cell activation (with CD3 ab) in serum from normal andSLE-disease active human patients, as analyzed in Example 15.

FIGS. 30A & 30B depict that SHP2 inhibition prevents proliferation andclonal expansion of cultured T cells isolated from peripheral bloodmononuclear cells derived from normal or SLE-disease active humanpatients, as analyzed in Example 15.

FIG. 31 depicts that SHP2 inhibition does not exert its effects byreducing T cell viability in human SLE cultures, as analyzed in Example15.

FIGS. 32A & 32B depicts the effect of SHP2 inhibition on serum IgG andanti dsDNA IgG levels, as analyzed in Example 16.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure is generally directed to methods of administeringSHP2 inhibitors for treating glomerulonephritis-associated diseases.More particularly, hydroxyindole carboxylic acids of the generalformula:

wherein R₁═NRaRb, wherein Ra or Rb can each independently be selectedfrom the group consisting of hydrogen, unsubstituted or substitutedalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted orsubstituted heterocyclyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl,unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, and unsubstituted orsubstituted fused 5-12 member aromatic or aliphatic ring system, whereinthe substitution on the fused 5-12 member aromatic or aliphatic ringsystem is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen andsulfur, have been synthesized and shown to inhibit SHP2. As furtherdiscussed in the Examples below, by inhibiting SHP2 activity, which hasnow been found to play a key role in the molecular pathogenesis ofglomerulonephritis-associated diseases such as SLE, a novel therapeuticapproach to treating patients for glomerulonephritis-associated diseasepathogenesis has been found.

Exemplary hydroxyindole carboxylic acids of formula (I) selectivelyinhibit protein tyrosine phosphatases such as SHP2 with IC₅₀ values asshown in Tables 1 and 2.

TABLE 1 IC₅₀ values (μM) of a hydroxyindole carboxylic acid formula (I)library (11a (L97)) series for SHP2.

IC₅₀ ID R₁ (μM) 10a   OH 14.4 ± (Core 97) 1.8  11a-1  (L97M74)

0.20 ± 0.02 11a-2  (L97N08)

0.62 ± 0.05 11a-3  (L97M50)

0.66 ± 0.03 11a-4  (L97M61)

0.76 ± 0.11 11a-5  (L97M48)

0.77 ± 0.15 11a-6  (L97M52)

0.86 ± 0.14 11a-7  (L97M93)

1.05 ± 0.09 11a-8  (L97M24)

 1.2 ± 0.21 11a-9  (L97M77)

1.25 ± 0.06 11a-10 (L97N15)

1.35 ± 0.31 11a-11 (L97M21)

1.46 ± 0.45 11a-12 (L97M63)

1.49 ± 0.15 11a-13 (L97M30)

1.76 ± 0.08 11a-14 (L97M73)

1.79 ± 0.15 11a-15 (L97N95)

1.84 ± 0.09 11a-16 (L97N13)

2.31 ± 0.28 11a-17 (L97M32)

2.39 ± 0.15 11a-18 (L97M18)

2.73 ± 0.55 11a-19 (L97N07)

4.66 ± 0.5  11a-20 (L97M23)

5.42 ± 1.01

TABLE 2 IC₅₀ values (μM) of 11a-21 to 11a-26 (L97L02-08) series forSHP2.

ID R IC₅₀ (μM) 11a-1 L97M74

0.20 ± 0.02 11a-21 L97L08

0.22 ± 0.01 11a-22 L97L07

0.31 ± 0.02 11a-23 L97L03

0.37 ± 0.01 111a-24 L97L05

0.38 ± 0.01 11a-25 L97L06

0.42 ± 0.02 11a-26 L97L02

0.63 ± 0.04

In one particularly suitable embodiment, the hydroxyindole carboxylicacid for use in the methods of the present disclosure is L97M74, havingthe formula (II):

The hydroxyindole carboxylic acids used in the methods of the presentdisclosure have been found to specifically inhibit protein tyrosinephosphatases, and particularly, SHP2, with an IC₅₀ of from about 0.2 μMto about 100 μM, including from about 2 μM to about 56 μM, includingfrom about 4.5 μM to about 20 μM, and also including from about 0.2 μMto about 16 μM, and from about 2 μM to about 10 μM. In particularlysuitable embodiments, the hydroxyindole carboxylic acids have been foundto specifically inhibit protein tyrosine phosphatases with an IC₅₀ ofless than 1 μM, including from about 0.2 μM to less than 1 μM, includingfrom about 0.2 μM to about 0.7 μM, including from about 0.2 μM to about0.5 μM, and including about 0.25 μM. The hydroxyindole carboxylic acidof formula (II) (L97M74) has an IC₅₀ value for SHP2 of 0.20 μM+0.02.

The general synthesis methods for preparing the hydroxyindole carboxylicacids of formulas (I) and (II) are described in PCT/US2014/035435,entitled Hydroxyindole Carboxylic Acid Based Inhibitors for OncogenicSRC Homology-2 Domain Containing Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-2 (SHP2),filed Apr. 25, 2014, which is herein incorporated by reference to theextent it is consistent herewith.

The SHP2 inhibitor can be administered to a subject in need thereof toinhibit SHP2 activation, thereby increasing FAK phosphorylation,increasing ERK signaling, and decreasing AKT signaling (see FIG. 1 forcytokine signaling overview). It has been found that such regulation ofthese pathways can provide a treatment for the progression ofglomerulonephritis-associated diseases, and in particular, theprogression of pathogenesis of postinfectious rapidly progressiveglomerulonephritis (RPGN), idiopathic RPGN, SLE, Goodpasture's syndrome,vasculitis (e.g., polyuarteritis nodosa), Wegener's granulomatosis,Henoch-Schonlein purpura, essential cryoglobulinemia, acuteproliferative glomerulonephritis, microscopic polyangiitis, Churg-StaussSyndrome, IgA neuropathy, and the like, and further, canreduce/prevent/eliminate the conditions resulting from these diseases.In one particularly suitable embodiment, it has been found thatinhibition of SHP2 activation can reduce/prevent/eliminate theconditions resulting from SLE. As used herein, “subject in need thereof”refers to a subset of subjects in need of treatment/protection from SLE.Some subjects that are in specific need of treatment may includesubjects who are susceptible to, or at elevated risk of, experiencingSLE and symptoms of SLE. Subjects may be susceptible to, or at elevatedrisk of, experiencing symptoms of SLE due to family history, age,environment, and/or lifestyle. Based on the foregoing, because some ofthe method embodiments of the present disclosure are directed tospecific subsets or subclasses of identified subjects (that is, thesubset or subclass of subjects “in need” of assistance in addressing oneor more specific conditions noted herein), not all subjects will fallwithin the subset or subclass of subjects as described herein forcertain diseases, disorders or conditions.

Typically, the SHP2 inhibitor is administered in an amount such toprovide a therapeutically effective amount of the inhibitor to thesubject. The term “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein,refers to that amount of active compound (i.e., SHP2 inhibitor) orpharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal responsein a tissue system, animal or human that is being sought by aresearcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician, whichincludes alleviation of the symptoms of the condition, disease ordisorder being treated. In one aspect, the therapeutically effectiveamount is that which may treat or alleviate the disease or symptoms ofthe disease at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medicaltreatment. However, it is to be understood that the total daily usage ofthe inhibitor described herein may be decided by the attending physicianwithin the scope of sound medical judgment. The specifictherapeutically-effective dose level for any particular subject willdepend upon a variety of factors, including the condition, disease ordisorder being treated and the severity of the condition, disease ordisorder; activity of the specific inhibitor employed; the specificsystem employed; the age, body weight, general health, gender and dietof the subject: the time of administration, route of administration, andrate of excretion of the specific inhibitor employed; the duration ofthe treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidentally with thespecific inhibitor employed; and like factors well known to theresearcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician of ordinaryskill.

It is also appreciated that the therapeutically effective amount,whether referring to monotherapy or combination therapy, isadvantageously selected with reference to any toxicity, or otherundesirable side effect, that might occur during administration of theinhibitor described herein. Further, it is appreciated that theco-therapies described herein may allow for the administration of lowerdoses of inhibitor that show such toxicity, or other undesirable sideeffect, where those lower doses are below thresholds of toxicity orlower in the therapeutic window than would otherwise be administered inthe absence of a co-therapy.

In particularly suitable embodiments, the SHP2 inhibitor is administeredto the subject in amounts ranging from about 1 mg/Kg body weight/day toabout 25 mg/Kg body weight/day, including from about 2.5 mg/Kg bodyweight/day to about 15 mg/Kg body weight/day, including from about 5.0mg/Kg body weight/day to about 10 mg/Kg body weight/day, and includingabout 7.5 mg/Kg body weight/day.

The term “administering” as used herein includes all means ofintroducing the SHP2 inhibitor described herein to the subject,including, but are not limited to, oral (po), intravenous (iv),intramuscular (im), subcutaneous (sc), parenteral, transdermal,inhalation, buccal, ocular, sublingual, vaginal, rectal, and the like.The inhibitor described herein may be administered in unit dosage formsand/or formulations containing conventional nontoxicpharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, adjuvants, and vehicles.

Illustrative formats for oral administration include tablets, capsules,elixirs, syrups, and the like.

Illustrative routes for parenteral administration include intravenous,intraarterial, intraperitoneal, epidurial, intraurethral, intrasternal,intramuscular and subcutaneous, as well as any other art recognizedroute of parenteral administration.

Illustratively, administering includes local use, such as whenadministered locally to the site of disease, injury, or defect, or to aparticular organ or tissue system. Illustrative local administration maybe performed during open surgery, or other procedures when the site ofdisease, injury, or defect is accessible. Alternatively, localadministration may be performed using parenteral delivery where theinhibitor described herein is deposited locally to the site withoutgeneral distribution to multiple other non-target sites in the subjectbeing treated. It is further appreciated that local administration maybe directly in the injury site, or locally in the surrounding tissue.Similar variations regarding local delivery to particular tissue types,such as organs, and the like, are also described herein.

In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of SHP2inhibitor in any of the various forms described herein may be mixed withone or more excipients, diluted by one or more excipients, or enclosedwithin such a carrier which can be in the form of a capsule, sachet,paper, or other container. Excipients may serve as a diluent, and can besolid, semi-solid, or liquid materials, which act as a vehicle, carrieror medium for the active ingredient. Thus, the inhibitor can beadministered in the form of tablets, pills, powders, lozenges, sachets,cachets, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, aerosols(as a solid or in a liquid medium), ointments, soft and hard gelatincapsules, suppositories, sterile injectable solutions, and sterilepackaged powders. The SHP2 inhibitor-containing formulations may containanywhere from about 0.1% to about 99.9% active ingredients, dependingupon the selected dose and dosage form.

The following examples further illustrate specific embodiments of thepresent disclosure; however, the following illustrative examples shouldnot be interpreted in any way to limit the disclosure.

EXAMPLES

Materials and Methods

Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Isolation

All SLE human cells in the following Examples were isolated from SLEpatients diagnosed according to the American College of Rheumatologyclassification criteria and recruited from the Division of Rheumatologyat Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass., under IRBprotocol 2006-P-0298. Healthy gender- and age-matched control cells werealso used for the Examples herein. Briefly, peripheral venous blood wascollected in heparin-lithium tubes and peripheral blood mononuclearcells were prepared with ficoll-Paque centrifugation, as previouslydescribed in Grammatikos et al., Clin Immunol. 2014; 150: 192-200.

Mice

All mice utilized herein were maintained in a specific pathogen free(SPF) animal facility at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC).All procedures were performed in accordance with the NIH Guide for theCare and Use of Laboratory Animals and approved by the InstitutionalAnimal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at BIDMC.

Briefly, female MRL/MpJ-fas lpr (MRL/lpr), MRL/Mpj and C57BL/6J micewere purchased from the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, Me.). Forexperiments, mice within each group were ip injected with either vehicle(DMSO) or the SHP2 inhibitor (7.5 mg/kg/per day). Testing continued fora period of 6 weeks, starting at 11 weeks of age to 17 weeks. Bodyweight was measured daily and treatment dosage was adjusted accordingly.At the end of the treatment period, mice were sacrificed with CO₂exsanguination and SLE targeted organs were removed. For each mouse,spleen, kidney, and heart weight were calculated. In addition, totalanimal body weight and tibia length were measured. Peripheralblood/serum was also collected for use in the cytokine assays describedbelow.

Longevity Study

Female MRL/lpr mice were used for a survival/longevity curve analysis.Mice either ip injected with vehicle (DMSO) or SHP2 inhibitor (7.5mg/kg/each day) were followed beginning at 11 weeks of age to assesstolerance to the inhibitor and longevity/survival curve. The testing wasterminated when the last mouse in the control group died, at 26 weeks.

Histology

Harvested organs (kidney, spleen, and heart) to be used to assessmorphometry and histochemistry were flushed with PBS, perfusion fixed inBouin's reagent, and paraffin embedded. Sections (5 μm) were stainedwith Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), Periodic acid-Schiff stain (PAS),Masson-Trichrome, or reticulin staining at the Harvard Medical SchoolRodent Histopathology Core and scored using an unbiased approach, inwhich histology scores of 1 (normal) to 5 (most severe pathology) weredesignated to tissue sections which were only numerically labeled and inno particular order (by Dr. Roderick Bronson, director of the RodentHistopathology Core, Harvard Medical School). Numerical sections werelater decoded, marked for their designated score, and statisticallyanalyzed. Images of the tissue sections were obtained and quantified ona Keyence BZ-9000 Microscope (Keyence Corporation, Itasca, Ill.).

Urinalysis

To determine kidney function, urine was collected before mice weresacrificed. Albumin and creatinine in the urine were measured usingcolorimetric assays according to the manufacturer's instructions(Albuwell M; The creatinine companion, Exocell), as described below. Thekidney function was calculated as ratio of albumin to creatinine levels.

Blood Cell Counts

50 μl of peripheral blood was collected from mice upon sacrifice and wasmixed with 5 mM EDTA anticoagulant to be used for blood cell counts(Hemavet 850FS), to determine numbers of white blood cells (neutrophil,lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophil and basophil), red blood cells andplatelets. In addition, peripheral blood isolated from MRL/lpr miceeither treated with vehicle (DMSO) or SHP2 inhibitor was used to countthe percentage of lymphocyte subsets, including B cells, CD4+, CD8+ anddouble negative (DN) T cells through flow cytometry (see below).

Total Cell Isolation from Various SLE-Prone Tissues (Kidney, Lung,Spleen and Axillary Lymph Nodes)

Kidney, spleen, lung, and axillary lymph nodes were excised from eithervehicle or drug-treated mice, and single cell suspensions were obtainedby teasing the organs through a nylon mesh. Briefly, kidneys were cutinto small pieces and homogenized on a 70 μm nylon mesh in 5 ml ofHank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) buffer. All of the homogenizedtissues and cells were transferred to new 50 ml tubes and digested withcollagenase type 4 (100 ug/ml) (Worthington Biochemical Corp., Freehold,N.J.) in HBSS for 30 minutes to 2 hours (37° C.) on a rotating shaker.After digestion, the cells were centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 minutes,and the kidney cell isolates were generated, which included infiltratedimmune cell subsets.

Isolation of cells from lung was similar to isolation of cells fromkidney, with the exception of the need for digestion of the tissue withcollagenase.

Spleens were cut into 2 to 3 pieces each and homogenized on a 70 μmnylon mesh in 5 ml of HBSS buffer. The cells were filtered through a 70μm nylon mesh to a new 50 ml tube and centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 5minutes at room temperature. The pellets were dissolved in 1-2 ml of redblood cell (RBC) lysis buffer (Sigma R7757) for 2-5 minutes to lyse theRBCs. 30 ml of 1×HBSS buffer was added and the homogenate wascentrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 minutes. The pellet, containing immunecell subsets and remaining tissue aggregates, was further dissolved in 5ml of HBSS and additionally filtered through a new 70 μm nylon mesh toremove these aggregates. Finally the remaining cell suspension wascentrifuged at 2000 rpm at 4° C. for 5 minutes to collect thesplenocytes, which included the immune cell subsets.

Isolation of cells from axillary lymph nodes (double negative cells) wassimilar to isolation of cells from spleen, with the exception of thestep that included lysis of RBCs.

All the isolated cell pellets were dissolved in 1 ml of 2% FBS/PBSbuffer and in preparation for the flow cytometry assay (see below).

Flow Cytometry

To identify immune cell subsets, isolated cells from tissues wereimmunostained with mouse antibodies targeted against CD3ε (145-2C11,BioLegend, San Diego, Calif.), CD4 (GK1.5, BioLegend), CD8 (53-6.7,eBioscience, San Diego, Calif.), CD45 (30-F11, eBioscience), CD 19(6125, BioLegend), CD11b (M1170, BioLegend), TCRαβ (H57-597, BioLegend),CD44 (IM7, BioLegend), B220 (RA3-6B2, B.D. PHARMINGEN, BD Biosciences,San Jose Calif.), CD138 (281-2, BioLegend), CD38 (CD28.2, BioLegend),Gr-1 (RB6.805, eBioscience), CD62L (DREG-56, BioLegend), and CD25 (PC61,BioLegend) for 30 minutes at 4° C. Samples were acquired on a LSR IIflow cytometer (BD Biosciences) and the percentage of eachsub-population of cells (B, T, monocytes, macrophage and neutrophils)was assessed by FlowJo [version 7.2.2 (Tree Star)]. Total cell numberswere counted using a hemocytometer. Absolute cell numbers for eachsub-population were calculated based on the percentage of eachpopulation.

ELISA

ELISA assays were used to detect for the presence of various cytokinesin mouse serum isolated from vehicle or drug-treated animals or frommedium supernatant isolated from tissue cell cultures as describedabove. In addition, ELISA was also used to detect total IgG and dsDNAIgG from mouse serum and for the assay to detect urine albumin andcreatinine levels. ELISA detection kits for mouse cytokines IL-6 andTNFα were purchased from eBioscience, mouse cytokines IL-17A, IFNγ, andhuman IFNγ were purchased from Biolegend, kits for the albumin andcreatinine were purchased from Exocell, and kits for the serum IgG andanti-dsDNA IgG were purchased from Alpha Diagnostic (San Antonio, Tex.).ELISAs were all performed according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Cytokine analyses: In brief, capture antibodies for each cytokine wereprecoated on 96-well plates overnight at 4° C., then 100 μl of 5×diluted serum or 300× diluted supernatant medium was loaded on theprecoated wells in duplicate and left overnight at 4° C. (with theexception of the human IFNγ assay isolated from supernatant medium,where the dilution used was 1:30). As per the protocol instructions,enzyme-antibody conjugate, TMB substrate and stopping buffer were addedsequentially. The colorimetric analysis, as measured by optical density(OD) within each well, was determined using a microplate reader set at awavelength of 450 nm. The cytokine concentrations were calculated andmeasured against a standard curve for each cytokine.

Serum IgG and anti-dsDNA IgG: 100 μl of 1:50000× diluted serum for IgGand 100 μl of 1:20000× diluted serum for dsDNA IgG were used and loadedonto a precoated 96-well plate in duplicate for 1 hour at roomtemperature. As per the protocol instructions, enzyme-antibodyconjugate, TMB substrate and stopping buffer were added sequentially.The OD of the wells was determined using a microplate reader set at awavelength of 450 nm.

Albumin and creatinine levels: For the albumin assay, collected mouseurine was diluted at 1:5200× and 50 μl was loaded onto an albuminprecoated 96-well plate, followed by primary incubation, secondaryincubation and colorimetric determination. For the creatinine assay, theurine was diluted 20× and loaded onto a 96-well plate, and picrateworking solution and acid reagent were added sequentially according toprotocol. Absorbance was assayed using a plate reader set at awavelength of 495 nm.

Purification and Culture of Mouse and Human T Cells

Whole tissue cell cultures prepared from mouse spleen and axillary lymphnodes were generated as described above. From within this total cellpreparation, total T cells from spleen and the double negative T cellsfrom axillary lymph nodes were further purified through negativeselection using a pan T cell isolation kit from Milenyi Biotec (SanDiego, Calif.). In brief, 10 μl of pan T cell biotin-antibody cocktail,which includes monoclonal antibodies against CD11b, Cd11c, CD19, CD45R(B220), CD49b, CD105, anti MHC class II and ter-19, was added per 1×10⁷total cells, incubated on ice for 30 minutes, and then mixed with 30 μlof D-PBS/0.5% FBS (pH 7.2) per 1×10⁷ cells. Next, 20 μl of anti-biotinbeads were added per 1×10⁷ cells and the reaction was kept on ice foranother 30 minutes. After centrifuging at 2000 rpm for 5 minutes at 4°C., the pellet was resuspended in 2 ml of T cell isolation buffer(D-PBS, pH7.2, 0.5% FBS and 2 mM EDTA) and the T cells were purifiedthrough a magnetic sorting column (MACS).

Human T cells were purified from frozen peripheral blood mononuclearcells (PBMC) isolated from SLE or normal donor patients. Briefly, frozenPBMCs were thawed in a 37° C. water bath for 1 to 2 minutes, and thengently added to pre-warmed RPMI1640 medium with 10% FBS (total 10 ml).The cells were centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 5 minutes at roomtemperature. The cell pellet was washed with 5 ml of pre-warmed RPMI1640 medium with 10% FBS three times, followed by a final D-PBS (nocalcium, no magnesium buffer) wash. Human T cells were then purified bya Pan T Cell Isolation Kit (human) from Miltenyi Biotec, as describedabove.

The purity of isolated T cells routinely exceeded 94%. Afterpurification, T cells were resuspended in RPMI1640 medium with 10% FBSand 1×10⁵ cells/well in 100 ul total volume was loaded onto a 96-wellplate, either left uncoated or precoated with anti-CD3 antibody (1ug/ml) (OKT3; Biolegend). All cells loaded onto wells precoated withanti-CD3 antibody were also mixed with anti-CD28 antibody (0.5 μg/ml)(CD28.2; BioLegend) to help potentiate the T cell signaling response.Plated cells were cultured for 48 hours in either the presence ofvehicle (DMSO) or Shp2 inhibitor (10 μg/ml). Following the incubation,15 μl of medium was collected for various cytokine activity analyses.

T Cell Proliferation and Viability Assays

For cell viability, an MTT (thiazolyl Blue tetrazolium Bromide, M2128,Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) assay was employed. Briefly, 10 μl of the MTTlabeling reagent (final concentration 0.5 mg/ml) was loaded into eachcell culture well (96-well plate) and then incubated for 4 hours in ahumidified chamber. Following incubation, 100 μl of solublizationsolution (0.04N in absolute isopropanol) was added to each well,resuspended, and then incubated at 37° C. for an additional hour.Spectrophotometric absorbance of the samples was assessed using amicroplate reader at a wavelength of 595 nm. T cellnumbers/proliferation was assessed by cell count using a hemocytometer.In brief, 1×10⁵ cells were plated in wells and cultured for 48 hours. 10μl of cell suspension was then removed and mixed together with 10 μl oftrypan blue solution (0.4%, T8154, Sigma). After mixing, 10 μl of themixture was loaded onto the hemocytometer and the total average numberof cells/well was calculated.

Echocardiography

Transthoracic echocardiography was conducted on non-anesthetized animalsas described previously in Marin et al., J Clin Invest. 2011;121:1026-1043, with a 13-MHz probe (Vivid 7, GE Medical Systems, Boston,Mass.) or VisualSonics Vevo 770 high-frequency ultrasound rodent imagingsystem (VisualSonics, Toronto, Ontario). GE Medical Systems orVisualSonics Vevo 770 software was used for data acquisition andsubsequent analysis. Hearts were imaged in the 2-dimensional parasternalshort-axis view, and an M-mode echocardiogram of the midventricularregion was recorded at the level of the papillary muscles. Calculationsof cardiac anatomic and functional parameters were carried out asdescribed in Marin et al., J Clin Invest. 2011; 121:1026-1043.

Biochemical Analyses

Tissues (spleen, kidney, heart) isolated from either vehicle (DMSO)treated or SHP2 inhibitor treated WT C57/B16, MRL/MpJ, or MRL/lpr femalemice were dissected, perfused in PBS, and immediately frozen in liquidN₂. Whole-cell lysates were prepared by homogenizing the tissue inradioimmunoprecipitation (RIPA) buffer (25 mmol/l Tris-HCl [pH 7.4], 150mmol/l NaCl, 0.1% SDS, 1% NP-40, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 5 mmol/lEDTA, 1 mmol/l NaF, 1 mmol/l sodium orthovanadate, and a proteasecocktail) at 4° C., followed by clarification at 14,000 g. Proteins wereresolved by SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membranesImmunoprecipitations were performed with anti-FAK (sc-558) or anti-SHP2(sc-280) antibodies (Cell Signaling Technology) Immunoblots wereperformed on immunoprecipitated lysates or whole cell lysates, followingthe manufacturer's directions, with anti-Akt (sc-8312), anti-SHP2(sc-280), anti-phospho 576-FAK (sc-16563-R), anti-FAK (sc-558) (SantaCruz Biotechnology Inc., Dallas, Tex.); or anti-phospho-Akt (4060S),anti-phospho-Erk1/2 (9101L), anti-Erk1/2 (9102L), anti-p85 (4257S),anti-phospho-p70S6K (9234S), anti-p70S6K (9292L), anti-phospho-S6rp(2211S), and anti-S6rp (2217S) antibodies (Cell Signaling Technology,Danvers, Mass.); or anti-phospho-tyrosine (4G10) (Millipore, Billerica,Mass.). Bands were visualized with enhanced chemiluminescence andquantified by densitometry (developed by Wayne Rasband; ImageJ 1.41software, http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/).

Immune Complex PTP Assays

PTP assays were conducted as previously described in Kontaridis et al.,J Biol Chem. 2006; 281:6785-6792, using para-nitrophenyl phosphate(pNPP, obtained from Sigma) as substrate. Briefly, WT C57/B16, MRL/MpJ,or MRL/lpr tissue (spleen, kidney, heart) lysates were homogenized andlysed in RIPA buffer (but without sodium orthovanadate), and SHP2 wasimmunoprecipitated by using anti-SHP2 polyclonal antibodies (Santa CruzBiotechnology Inc.) coupled to protein A-Sepharose Immune complexes werewashed 3 times in RIPA buffer without sodium orthovanadate and once inwash buffer [30 mM HEPES (pH 7.4), 120 mM NaCl without pNPP]. For eachsample, PTP assays were performed in triplicate at 37° C. in 50 μl ofassay buffer [30 mM Hepes (pH 7.4), 120 mM NaCl, 5 mM dithiothreitol, 10mM pNPP] containing 50 μl of the SHP2 beads. Reactions were terminatedwith 0.2 N NaOH and phosphate release was determined by measuring A410.Following the assays, immune complexes were recovered by centrifugation,boiled in 2×SDS-PAGE sample buffer, resolved by SDS-PAGE, andimmunoblotted with polyclonal SHP2 antibodies (Santa Cruz BiotechnologyInc.) to ensure that equal amounts of SHP2 had been tested forphosphatase activity.

Statistics

All data are expressed as mean±SEM. Statistical significance wasdetermined using 2-tailed Student's t test and 1-way ANOVA or 2-wayrepeated measure ANOVA, as appropriate. If ANOVA was significant,individual differences were evaluated using the Bonferroni post-test.For all studies, values of p<0.05 were considered statisticallysignificant.

Example 1

In this Example, the potential for a mechanistic role for SHP2 in thepathogenesis of SLE was evaluated.

Particularly, tissue lysates from kidney, spleen, and heart from 5female mice each of 8- and 16-week old WT, MRL/MpJ (lupusstrain-control) and MLR/lpr mice were obtained Immune-complexphosphatase assays were performed to assess activity of SHP2 in SLElysates.

Results

SHP2 Phosphatase Activity is Increased in SLE-Prone MRL/lpr Mice.

Unexpectedly, it was found that phosphatase activity was significantlyincreased (8-fold) in both 8-week (FIG. 2) and 16-week (data not shown)old MLR/lpr mice, as compared to both WT and MRL/MpJ control mice,showing SHP2 activity is upregulated in SLE.

Example 2

In this Example, SHP2 activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs) from human SLE patients was evaluated and compared to activityin healthy human patients.

To determine whether elevated SHP2 activity was clinically relevant,SHP2 activity was measured in human PBMCs isolated from either normalfemale donors or SLE-disease active female patients (n=5 each).

Results

SHP2 activity is significantly increased in PBMC from SLE patients.

As shown in FIG. 3, SHP2 activity was significantly increased in PBMCsfrom SLE patients, as compared to normal, further suggesting SHP2activity is important in SLE disease. These results are consistent withthe data from Example 1, and further demonstrate that SHP2 activity isupregulated in human patients with SLE.

Example 3

In this Example, the role of SHP2 in the signaling mechanism involved inSLE was evaluated.

SHP2 was immunoprecipitated from tissue lysates (kidney, spleen, andheart) obtained from 8-week old female WT and MLR/lpr mice andimmunoblotted with phospho-tyrosyl antibodies.

Results

Distinct Tyrosyl-Phosphorylated Proteins Form a Complex with SHP2 inTissue Lysates Isolated from SLE-Prone Mice.

Two tyrosyl-phosphorylated proteins were co-immunoprecitated with SHP2in each of the tissues, as compared to WT controls (FIGS. 4A & 4B). Aproteomics screen was further conducted to identify these proteins bymass spectrometry.

The p120 kDa dephosphorylated protein in SLE lysates was identified asFocal Adhesion Kinase (FAK), a likely substrate target for SHP2 in SLE,and a p85 kDa hyper-tyrosyl phosphorylated protein was identified as thep85 subunit of PI3K, a critical upstream regulator of the AKT/mTORsignaling pathway (FIG. 4B).

Example 4

In this Example, the interaction of SHP2 and FAK was evaluated. FAK is acytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that plays a major role in cytokinesignaling, although its role in SLE has, before now, remained unclear.Significantly, SHP2 is a regulator of FAK, and both ERK and AKTsignaling can be directly regulated by FAK.

To assess whether SHP2 plays a role in FAK regulation, the associationof SHP2 with FAK at its critical regulatory site, Y397, was assessed.SHP2 was immunoprecipitated from tissue lysates obtained from theMRL/lpr mice.

Results

SHP2 Directly Binds to FAK at its Critical Y397 Regulatory Site in SLEand Mediates Direct Dephosphorylation of the Downstream Erk ActivationSites on FAK (FIG. 4B).

SHP2 was shown to preferentially form a complex with FAK in SLE-pronetissue lysates (FIG. 4B), suggesting that FAK is a specifically-targetedSHP2 substrate and is dephosphorylated in SLE-prone mice. FIGS. 5A and5B depict schematics illustrating the activation of FAK uponphosphorylation and interaction with src leading to downstream ERKsignaling. As shown in FIG. 6, increased activation and association withSHP2 led to dephosphorylation of FAK on downstream ERK activation sites.

Example 5

In this Example, the effects of increased SHP2 activity on ERKactivation in SLE were evaluated.

ERK1/2 phosphorylation in tissue (kidney, spleen, and heart) lysatesisolated from 8- and 16-week old WT and MLR/lpr mice was analyzed.

Results

ERK Phosphorylation is Decreased in MRL/lpr Lysates.

As shown in FIG. 7, ERK activity was decreased in MRL/lpr lysates, ascompared to WT. FAK dephosphorylation by SHP2 on its ERK activationsites likely leads to the decreased ERK activity observed in these SLEtissue lysates. Moreover, decreased ERK activity in SLE may mediate DNAhypo-methylation, which can lead to hyper-activation of autoreactive andinflammatory T and B cells.

Example 6

In this Example, the interaction of SHP2 complexed with FAK and the p85subunit of PI3K was evaluated.

In addition to its actions on ERK signaling, FAK can also recruit andbind the p85 subunit of PI3K to positively drive downstream AKTsignaling. Tissue (kidney, spleen, and heart) lysates were isolated from8- and 16-week old WT and MLR/lpr mice and assessed.

Results

SHP2 Binding to FAK Recruits Tyrosyl-Phosphorylated p85 Subunit of PI3K.

In SLE tissue lysates, p85 was preferentially recruited to FAK.Particularly, hyperphosphorylated p85 was recruited to FAK throughincreased association with SHP2 in SLE (FIGS. 8A & 8B). FAK specificallybinds to SHP2 and to the p85 subunit of PI3K in SLE. As seen in FIG. 8A,the SHP2 dephosphorylated band at 125 kDa is FAK and the band at 85 kDais p85. The band at ˜70 kDa is SHP2. Quantification for the decrease inFAK phosphorylation in SLE is shown in FIG. 8C.

Example 7

In this Example, the effects of increased SHP2 activity on AKT signalingin SLE were evaluated.

Tissue (kidney, spleen, and heart) lysates were isolated from 8- and16-week old WT and MLR/lpr mice.

Results

AKT Pathway is Elevated in SLE Lysates.

As shown in FIG. 9, consistent with inflammatory responses whichactivate AKT, MRL/lpr tissue lysates showed increased AKT signaling, anddownstream S6K activity, in both 8- and 16-week-old MRL/lpr mice.Increased AKT signaling may contribute to the increased accumulation ofimmune complexes observed in SLE.

Taken with the results from Examples 5 and 6, these data suggest amechanism by which SHP2, through regulation of FAK phosphorylation, isrequired to suppress ERK activation and activate AKT signaling in SLE, apossible integral mechanism in SLE pathogenesis.

Example 8

In this Example, the effect of an inhibitor of SHP2 activity oninhibiting SLE disease progression was evaluated.

To determine whether normalization of SHP2 activity could inhibit SLEdisease progression, WT B6, MRL/MpJ, MRL/lpr and MRL/lpr mice weretreated with either vehicle or the SHP2 inhibitor, L97M74, (7.5 mg/kg)daily for 4 weeks beginning at 12 weeks of age. Tissue (kidney, spleen,heart, and thymus) was collected from the mice at the end of the study,at 16 weeks of age.

Results

SHP2 Inhibitor Normalizes SHP2 Activity and Reverses Aberrant ERK andAKT Signaling.

Remarkably, as shown in FIGS. 10A-10B, the lysates isolated from SHP2inhibitor-treated MRL/lpr mice not only normalized SHP2 activity back tolevels of WT, but also reversed aberrant downstream ERK and AKTsignaling.

Example 9

In this Example, the effect of L97M74 on SHP2 activity on inhibiting SLEdisease progression in mice was evaluated.

To determine whether inhibition of SHP2 activity affected SLE diseaseprogression, each of the SLE target tissues (i.e., skin, kidney, spleen)was tested in both treated and untreated SLE-prone mice. Particularly,tissues were tested as: WT treated with inhibitor, WT treated with DMSO(vehicle), MRL/mpJ treated with inhibitor, MRL/mpJ treated with DMSO(vehicle), MRL/lpr treated with inhibitor, and MRL/lpr treated with DMSO(vehicle).

At a dose of 7.5 mg/kg/day, the SHP2 inhibitor reduced the skinlesions/inflammation (FIG. 11A), had no obvious cytotoxic effects duringthe treatment period (FIG. 11B) and significantly increased lifespan ofSLE-prone mice (FIG. 11C).

Physiologically, treatment with the SHP2 inhibitor for 6 weeks reducedsplenomegaly (FIGS. 12A & 12B) and normalized the kidney to a size(FIGS. 13A & 13B) similar to that in WT and MRL/MpJ controls.

Functionally, the inhibitor-treated mice had a significant reduction inproteinuria (FIG. 13C), with levels similar to those in WT mice, ascompared to vehicle-treated SLE mice.

When histologically examining the tissues (FIGS. 14-16), it was observedthat the kidneys from MRL/lpr mice treated with vehicle developed severeprogressive crescentic glomerulonephritis (FIG. 14C), had significantfibrosis (FIG. 15C), and were infiltrated with immune cells (FIG. 16C).In contrast, treatment of MRL/lpr mice with the SHP2 inhibitor preventedthe development of this SLE-related disease phenotype in the kidney ofthese mice (FIGS. 14F, 15F and 16F). Unbiased histopathological scoringindicated that treatment of MRL/lpr mice with the SHP2 inhibitorquantifiably prevented the development of SLE-related disease phenotypein the kidney of these mice (FIG. 14G). As shown in FIGS. 16E-16F, PASstaining of tissue showed decreased inflammatory infiltration in thetissue, smaller glomeruli, decreased fibrosis, and decreased numbers ofmesangial cells surrounding the glomerulus in SLE kidneys treated withSHP2 inhibitor.

Example 10

In this Example, the effect of L97M74 on SHP2 activity on cellularimmune response in kidney was evaluated.

B cells, T cells, macrophage and neutrophils from the MRL/lprinhibitor-treated and vehicle-treated mouse kidneys of Example 9 wereisolated.

As shown in FIGS. 17A-17D, it was found that the SHP2 inhibitorspecifically targeted the total number of infiltrating T cells in theSLE kidney, significantly reducing the overall number of CD4, CD8, anddouble-negative T cells in inhibitor-treated SLE mice as compared tovehicle-treated mice. Unexpectedly, no discernable differences in Bcells were observed. In addition, a significant reduction in numbers ofinfiltrating neutorophils and macrophages in inhibitor-treated SLEkidneys were also observed.

Example 11

In this Example, the effect of L97M74 on SHP2 activity on cellularimmune response in spleen was evaluated.

B cells, T cells, macrophage and neutrophils from spleens obtained fromthe MRL/lpr inhibitor-treated and vehicle-treated mice of Example 9 wereisolated.

Similar to the results in Example 10, germinal center formation in thespleen was greatly reduced in the SHP2 inhibitor-treated MRL/lpr mice,as compared to MRL/lpr vehicle-treated, and resembled splenic histologysimilar to that observed in the WT and MRL/MpJ controls (FIGS. 18A-18D).Like the kidney in mice treated with the inhibitor in Example 10,overall splenic T cell counts were reduced in the MRL/lprinhibitor-treated mice, with significant reduction in CD4, CD8, anddouble-negative T cells, but not CD25 helper T cell populations (FIGS.19A-19C).

Additionally, to determine specifically whether the inhibitor affectsactive or inactive T cells, the T cell population from the spleen ofMRL/lpr inhibitor-treated or vehicle-treated mice were isolated andcultured and either left unstimulated or stimulated with CD3 to activethe T cells for 48 hours. Unexpectedly, both inactive and CD3 activatedT cell proliferation was significantly inhibited by the SHP2 inhibitorin the SLE mice. Moreover, the proliferative effects observed werespecific to the double-negative T cell population (FIG. 20A). SHP2inhibitor decreased the total number of double-negative T cells upon CD3activation in MRL/lpr spleens (FIG. 20B). No effects were observed in WTor MRL/MpJ control cells either in the presence or absence ofstimulation or in response to the inhibitor. SHP2 inhibition had noeffect on total T cell viability in cultured T cells isolated from thespleen of SLE-prone mice, both in the absence or presence of T-cellactivation (CD3 antibody) (FIG. 21A). SHP2 inhibitor also did not affectviability of tissue-cultured double-negative T cells, both in theabsence or presence of CD3 activation (CD3 ab) (FIG. 21B).

In summary, SHP2 inhibition reduces the number of splenic lymphocytes,particularly CD4+, CD8+ and DN T cells, and reduces infiltration of CD4and double-negative T cells to kidney, suggesting that normalization ofSHP2 activity in T cells specifically may significantly inhibit organdamage associated with SLE.

Example 12

In this Example, the effect of the SHP2 inhibitor (L97M74) on specificcytokines to drive downstream activation of pathways that lead to SLEpathogenesis was evaluated.

An ELISA was conducted to detect concentrations of IFNγ, TNFα, IL17, andIL6 in T cells derived from spleen.

Interestingly, as shown in FIGS. 22A-22D, only significant decreases inIFNγ were observed in response to the SHP2 inhibitor. No effects onTNFα, IL17 or IL6 were observed in response to the SHP2 inhibitor,despite the fact that these cytokines were significantly increased inSLE, suggesting that the SHP2 inhibitor specifically ameliorates thepathogenic effects of SLE through specific inhibition of double-negativeT cells and production of IFNγ.

Example 13

In this Example, the effect of the SHP2 inhibitor on thymus size wasevaluated.

As shown in FIG. 23, inhibition of SHP2 decreased thymus size inSLE-prone mice.

Example 14

In this Example, the effect of the SHP2 inhibitor (L97M74) on cardiacfunction was evaluated.

Hearts from SHP2 inhibitor-treated mice showed significantly improvedfunctional parameters as compared to vehicle-treated SLE mice (FIG.24A), with decreased chamber and increased posterior wall measurements(FIG. 24B), and similar to MRL/MpJ control hearts.

Example 15

In this Example, the effect of the SHP2 inhibitor (L97M74) in mediatingthe immune response to elicit the SLE pathogenic response was evaluated

The serological immune response in SLE inhibitor-treated versus SLEvehicle-treated mice were assessed and found that the SHP2 inhibitorspecifically targets the white blood cell (WBC) population, with noeffects observed in red blood cells or platelets (FIGS. 25A-25C). Ofthese WBCs, only leukocytes, but not neutrophils, monocytes,eosinophils, or basophils, were significantly reduced by the SHP2inhibitor (FIGS. 26A-26E).

As shown in FIG. 27, it was further determined that only the T cell, andnot the B cell, leukocyte population was significantly altered in SLEand inhibited by the SHP2 inhibitor. Moreover, of the T cell population,only the double negative cells, and not the CD4 and CD8 positive T cellpopulations, were targeted by the SHP2 inhibitor in circulatinglymphocytes, suggesting specificity in regulating SLE pathogenesisthrough this specific immune cell subset.

Additionally, to assess if cytokine effects are similarly affected inhuman SLE, IFNγ in serum of normal SLE-disease active patients wasmeasured. Like in mice, a significant increase in IFNγ levels in SLEpatient serum was observed (FIG. 28).

Because of these results, if/how SHP2 was similarly involved inmediating the immune response in human SLE pathogenesis was nextevaluated. To determine specifically whether the inhibitor affects humanT cells, the T cell population from serum from either normal orSLE-disease active patients was isolated and cultured. Purified T cellswere plated and either left unstimulated or stimulated with CD3 toactive the T cells for 48 hours.

Cultured human T cells isolated from SLE patients secreted more IFNγupon activation by CD3 antibody; however, the SHP2 inhibitorsignificantly decreased the secretion of IFNγ activity in response to Tcell activation (FIG. 29). Moreover, inhibition of SHP2 reduced T cellproliferation in response to CD3 in culture (FIG. 30A), as shown by adecrease in T cell clonal expansion in SHP2 inhibitor-treated human SLET cells compared to vehicle-treated human SLE T cells (FIG. 30B). Likein the isolated mouse T cell cultures, the SHP2 inhibitor prevented Tcell proliferation in response to CD3 activation directly, as nodifferences in viability (i.e. apoptosis) were observed (FIG. 31). Thus,SHP2 inhibitor does not inhibit T cell viability and reduce the numberof T cells in SLLE through increased cell death.

Example 16

In this Example, the effect of the SHP2 inhibitor, L97M74, on the onsetof SLE disease progression was evaluated by measuring the levels of autoantibodies in SLE inhibitor-treated versus vehicle-treated mice throughdetection anti-histone antibodies and anti-IgG by ELISA.

Despite the positive effects of the SHP2 inhibitor in ameliorating theSLE-associated organ damage, levels of IgG and double-stranded DNA werenot reduced in SHP2-treated SLE mice, suggesting that the target of theinhibitor is specific to the downstream consequences of SLE disease(FIGS. 32A & 32B).

In summary, these data suggest that increased SHP2 activity, and theaberrant effects this has on downstream cytokine signaling, plays a keyrole in the molecular pathogenesis of SLE and that use of an SHP2inhibitor may be a novel therapeutic approach to treating patients forSLE-associated disease pathogenesis.

This written description uses examples to disclose the invention,including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in theart to practice the invention, including making and using any systemsand performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of thepresent disclosure is defined by the claims, and may include otherexamples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples areintended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structuralelements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, orif they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantialdifferences from the literal languages of the claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for inhibiting specific oncogenic Srchomology-2 domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP2)phosphatase activity, the method comprising administering to a subjectin need thereof a specific oncogenic Src homology-2 domain containingprotein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP2) inhibitor having the formula (I):

wherein R₁═NRaRb, wherein Ra or Rb can each independently be selectedfrom the group consisting of hydrogen, unsubstituted or substitutedalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted orsubstituted heterocyclyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl,unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, and unsubstituted orsubstituted fused 5-12 member aromatic or aliphatic ring system, whereinthe substitution on the fused 5-12 member aromatic or aliphatic ringsystem is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen andsulfur.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the SHP2 inhibitor has theformula selected from the group consisting of


3. The method of claim 1 wherein the SHP2 inhibitor is administeredusing an administration route selected from the group consisting of:oral (po), intravenous (iv), intramuscular (im), subcutaneous (sc),parenteral, transdermal, inhalation, buccal, ocular, sublingual,vaginal, rectal, and combinations thereof.
 4. The method of claim 1wherein the SHP2 inhibitor is administered in an amount ranging fromabout 1 mg/Kg body weight/day to about 25 mg/Kg body weight/day.
 5. Themethod of claim 1 wherein the SHP2 inhibitor is administered in anamount ranging from about 5 mg/Kg body weight/day to about 10 mg/Kg bodyweight/day.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the SHP2 inhibitor isadministered in an amount of about 7.5 mg/Kg body weight/day.
 7. Amethod for treating glomerulonephritis-associated diseases in a subjectin need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject aspecific oncogenic Src homology-2 domain containing protein tyrosinephosphatase-2 (SHP2) inhibitor, wherein the SHP2 inhibitor has theformula (I):

wherein R₁═NRaRb, wherein Ra or Rb can each independently be selectedfrom the group consisting of hydrogen, unsubstituted or substitutedalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted orsubstituted heterocyclyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl,unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, and unsubstituted orsubstituted fused 5-12 member aromatic or aliphatic ring system, whereinthe substitution on the fused 5-12 member aromatic or aliphatic ringsystem is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen andsulfur.
 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the SHP2 inhibitor has theformula selected from the group consisting of


9. The method of claim 8 wherein the SHP2 inhibitor has an IC₅₀ value ofless than 1 μM.
 10. The method of claim 7 wherein theglomerulonephritis-associated disease is selected from the groupconsisting of postinfectious rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis(RPGN), idiopathic rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN),systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Goodpasture's syndrome, vasculitis,Wegener's granulomatosis, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, essentialcryoglobulinemia, acute proliferative glomerulonephritis, microscopicpolyangiitis, Churg-Stauss Syndrome, and IgA neuropathy.
 11. The methodof claim 7 wherein the SHP2 inhibitor is administered in an amountranging from about 1 mg/Kg body weight/day to about 25 mg/Kg bodyweight/day.
 12. The method of claim 7 wherein the SHP2 inhibitor isadministered in an amount ranging from about 5 mg/Kg body weight/day toabout 10 mg/Kg body weight/day.
 13. The method of claim 7 wherein theSHP2 inhibitor is administered in an amount of about 7.5 mg/Kg bodyweight/day.